讓默書變得有趣 遊戲掌握「聽、寫、記」

讓默書變得有趣 遊戲掌握「聽、寫、記」

https://www.shutterstock.com/zh/image-photo/child-studying-living-room-2085554887

 

撰文:家庭動力心理治療師
   兒童遊戲治療師 李惠婷

 

新學年,小朋友又要開始默書測驗。雖然默書看似簡單,但其實要運用到的技巧非常複雜,所需要用到的叫做「分散性專注力」,要一邊在腦袋中尋找字的筆劃寫法,用手寫出來,一邊要豎起耳朵聽著老師閱讀,並記著下一個要默的句子,邊寫邊聽邊記,有時寫錯字還要先刪掉再寫,與時間競賽,超難的呢!

 

所以,要掌握默書的技巧和得到好成績,就要同時掌握「聽、寫、記」三個技巧,以及提升一心可以幾用的「分散性專注力」。

 

要讓默書變得有趣,可以將這幾項技巧訓練變成遊戲。一方面遊戲的趣味性增加孩子學習的興趣,讓一個惱人的練習變成親子遊戲時間;另一方面,更重要的是要增加孩子的成功感,從遊戲中得到大人的鼓勵,孩子們自然會愈來愈喜歡學習。

 

訓練幾種技巧的遊戲可以分開的,以下提供一些例子,家長們可以嘗試一下呢!

 

一)聆聽的遊戲

由大人讀出英文句子:“There is a rabbit on the table.”,小朋友把句子的內容畫在畫紙上,只畫圖,不寫字,這是訓練聆聽的部分。

https://www.shutterstock.com/zh/image-photo/children-drawing-their-mothers-face-on-2136148219

 

  1. 小朋友很喜歡調轉角色,由他們讀句子,大人默書,甚至可以修改大人的字,這讓他們有成功感,又可以訓練正確讀音,閱讀過又仔細修改大人的錯字(家長們可以刻意寫錯),增加對串字或寫法的記憶。

 

二)中英文寫字的遊戲

中文字複雜難記,加上用筆寫字,其實對孩子來說不但抽象,而且難以牢記的。寫字練習可以不用筆寫,而嘗試運用身體各部分寫字,利用不同的感官加強記憶。例如:

  1. 在沙盤上寫字,讓手指接觸沙的感覺,提升對字的記憶。
  2. 使用不同質感的材料砌字,例如紅豆、泥膠和不同質感的手工材料等,更可配合顏色,例如響音用紅色,其他字母用綠色,增強記憶。
  3. 大人用手指在孩子的身體各部分寫字,讓他們估出甚麼字。例如手掌、背部和額頭等,當然視乎孩子的能力而定;或倒過來由孩子寫在大人身體上亦可。

https://www.shutterstock.com/zh/image-photo/young-asian-boy-writing-his-name-1334538686

 

三)分散性專注力遊戲

其實很多遊戲都訓練這種專注力,例如「爭櫈仔」,要邊聽音樂,邊留意著椅子的位置作出反應;「冚棉胎」,要邊數/聽數字,邊打開咭,又要留意數字的配合作出反應等等。

 

現時有些桌上遊戲都是這樣設計的,介紹一個遊戲叫作「moo斯密碼」,孩子要邊聽到密碼,腦海中想著密碼所代表的圖案,記著密碼的次序,最後要找出相合圖案的圖咭,雖然很複雜但又很刺激呢!

小朋友唔肯開金口 聽音樂有冇幫助?

 小朋友唔肯開金口 聽音樂有冇幫助?

https://www.shutterstock.com/zh/image-photo/female-primary-school-student-wearing-glasses-363771758

撰文:新領域潛能發展中心註冊教育心理學家彭智華

 

家長期待孩子牙牙學語的心情,孩子第一次「開金口」的感受,大概要當過父母方能體會。家長希望孩子盡快開始說話,以千方百計引導孩子發聲。口部訓練對於說話能力的發展固然重要,但家長也不能忽略聽覺訓練,因為這是語言培訓的重要前提。

 

聽覺刺激與語言表達的關係

聆聽與表達、接收與輸出,兩者關係密切,也有相輔相成的作用。而在幼兒階段,孩子的接收若不足夠,對於輸出多寡絕對有直接影響。筆者舉一個比較極端的例子作分析,聽障人士在語言表達方面都有困難,但這並非因為他們的口部肌肉或相關能力有問題,而是源於缺乏聽覺渠道的輸入。沒有聲音內容的驗證與比較,儘管口部發展正常,也會因沒有「庫存」,而未能「供應」。因此,家長要留意有否給予孩子足夠的聽覺刺激。

 

多元化的聽覺刺激

也許有家長會說,我當然知道這個道理,而且也努力輸出大量聲音給孩子:常常跟孩子說話、講故事和向孩子描述周遭環境等,更會使用不同語言進行。這固然是很理想的聽覺刺激,然而,以上內容雖然豐富,性質卻很相似 ─ 全部屬於語言。其實,聽覺接收可以很多樣化,例如音樂就是一種有助提高孩子語言能力的素材。反過來說,通過孩子聆聽音樂的表現,家長可以從中了解孩子的語言發展。

 

音樂有利語言發展

筆者從多年的教育經驗中發現,語音能力較差的兒童,在音樂和聲樂等方面的學習也會較難,例如音準、節奏感及音域等,其實這與聆聽能力及構音能力有關。不同種類的聲音中,除了人類語言,音樂是理想的語言教材。音樂種類繁多,不同的節奏或主題,讓幼兒能從中擴闊對聲音的理解。除了教育意義外,一些柔和的音樂甚至有助緩和情緒。

 

吹奏口琴 體驗聲音與呼吸的變化

同樣的樂曲通過不同樂器演奏,感覺可以截然不同。這對於孩子的聆聽敏銳度也是很好的訓練。除了聽唱片或電腦播放音樂檔案,如果能讓孩子接觸真實的樂器,實際操弄,讓他們更清楚不同材質的樂器與聲音的關係,也是既好玩又有意義的活動。眾多樂器中,口琴是很好的訓練工具。吹口琴的時候,幼兒需要用口呼氣,從而有機會體會聲音與呼吸間的變化。幼兒吹奏口琴,運用舌頭及嘴唇製造聲音,讓彼此間得到協調,正是口部運用的重要基礎。

https://www.shutterstock.com/zh/image-photo/young-girl-play-harmonica-home-homeschooling-1789256258

 

唱兒歌學說話

除了模仿日常生活對話外,唱一首可愛的兒歌亦有理想的果效,用音樂來盛載語言能夠增強記憶,加深印象。假如幼兒能夠跟著唱,即使剛開始時未能發出正確語音,在模仿的過程中也能訓練說話能力。

 

 

https://www.shutterstock.com/zh/image-photo/chinese-mother-daughter-playing-clapping-game-197694470

 

萬丈高樓從地起,孩子將來能夠有良好語言能力,幼兒時期的訓練是非常重要的。通過運用音樂和樂器,幼兒可以在輕鬆有趣的方式下奠定良好的語言基礎,家長們不妨多多嘗試。

 

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家長園地

Wear face mask for long time during Epidemic.
How to make children learn to “look at people’s eyebrows and eyes”?

system

Written by: Hong Kong Speech and Swallowing Therapy Centre
Senior Speech Therapist Eunice Siu

In our daily interactions with others, we not only observe others’ behaviors, but also “explain” and “predict” others’ behaviors. Theory of mind is the ability to infer or substitute other people’s mental states, such as their thoughts, beliefs, desires, and intentions, etc., and to use this ability to explain other people’s thoughts, perceptions, and predict their behaviors. Theory of mind can be subdivided into “emotion recognition”, “beliefs” and “pretend play”.

The developmental period for children’s theory of mind is from approximately 3 to 7 years of age. However, before the age of 3, children need to master the following skills to effectively develop theory of mind skills.

1. noticing and imitating the behavior of people around them
2. recognizing the emotions of others and using words to express them (e.g., happy, sad, angry, surprised)
3. participates in pretend play
4. understands that different people have different desires and preferences
5. understands that people will act to get what they want (e.g. reach for candy)
6. understands the causes and consequences of unsympathetic emotions (e.g. if I hit my brother, my mom will be mad and then she will scold me)

Ways to improve theory of mind are:

1. Use more psychologically relevant words when talking to your child

Using psychologically related words to communicate with children can help children understand their own and others’ psychological conditions more specifically. Examples of psychologically related words are “think,” “pretend,” “know,” “believe,” “feel,” and words related to emotions. Pay attention to what your child is trying to say and then respond. For example, “Ah! You want cake”, “Don’t be afraid! You think I’m gone, but I’m still here,” and “Mommy’s mad at you for hitting your brother. Parents can also explain to their children the psychological situation of others, e.g., “Mei-mei is smiling so much when she receives a birthday present, she should be very excited.

2. Participate in role-playing games with your child

Role-playing games encourage children to put themselves in different situations and characters’ perspectives to draw inferences about their behavior. To begin, children can pretend to be common everyday characters, such as mothers, doctors, teachers, and drivers. Parents should pay attention to the fact that both the words and behaviors in the game should be substituted for the role played. This activity helps children experience a variety of emotions, thoughts and interactions in different social situations, and learn to observe, imitate, anticipate, review and adjust their thoughts and behaviors.

I hope parents can make good use of the opportunity to share and communicate more with their children in daily life, so that they can learn to “look at people’s eyebrows and eyes” (meaning read people’s faces) and become a “mind-reading detective”!

Source:
Hollin, P., Baron-Cohen, S.,& Hadwin,J.(1999). Teaching children with autism tomind-read. West Sussex, England: Wiely Press

Lowry, L.(2015).” Tuning in” to others: How young children develop theory of mind. The Hanen Centre.

Spastics Association of Hong Kong (2005). Connecting: Developing social skills in children with autism. Spastics Association of Hong Kong.

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家長園地 家長園地 家長園地 家長園地 家長園地

疫情長時間戴口罩
如何讓孩子學會「睇人眉頭眼額」?

system

撰文:香港言語及吞嚥治療中心
   高級言語治療師 蕭以嵐

在日常與他人社交互動中,我們除了觀察他人的行為外,也會對他人的行為作「解釋」及「預測」。心智理論 (Theory of mind) 是推論或代入他人心智狀態的能力,例如代入他人的想法、信念、慾望和意圖等,運用此能力去解釋他人的想法、知覺及預測他們的行為。心智理論可細分成「情緒辨識」、「信念」和「假裝性遊戲」。

兒童心智理論的發展時期,大約是從 3 到 7 歲。但 3 歲之前,孩子要先掌握以下技巧才能有效地發展心智理論能力:

1. 留意身邊人們的行為及加以模仿
2. 辨認他人的情緒並運用詞語表達(例如:開心、傷心、嬲、驚)
3. 能參與假裝性遊戲
4. 明白不同的人有不同的慾望及喜好
5. 明白人會作出行為來獲得想要的東西(例如:伸手拿取糖果)
6. 明白不同情緒所產生的原因及後果(例如:如果我打哥哥,媽媽就會嬲,然後會鬧我。)

提升心智理論的方法有:

1. 向孩子交談時多用與心理有關的詞彙
運用與心理有關的詞彙與孩子溝通,可令孩子更具體地了解自己及別人的心理狀況。心理有關的詞彙例子有「想」、「假裝」、「知道」、「相信」、「覺得」及與情緒有關的詞語。平時多留意孩子想表達的意思,再給予回應。例如:「啊!你想要蛋糕」、「不要怕!你以為我走了,其實我還在」、「媽咪好嬲因為你打哥哥」。家長亦可多向孩子解釋他人的心理狀況,例如:「美美收到份生日禮物笑得很燦爛,佢應該覺得好興奮。」

2. 與孩子參與角色扮演遊戲
角色扮演遊戲鼓勵孩子代入不同的處境及人物的角度思考,藉此推論出相關的行為。開始扮演時,孩子可先扮作日常生活常見的人物,例如:媽媽、醫生、老師和司機。家長要留意,在遊戲中無論說話和行為都要代入所扮的角色。此活動能幫助孩子從不同社交情境中體驗各種情緒、想法及互動情況,亦在當中學習觀察、模仿、預知、檢討及調整自己的想法及行為。

希望家長能在日常生活善用機會,與孩子多分享、多溝通,讓他們學會「睇人眉頭眼額」,成為一個「讀心神探」!

資料來源:
Hollin,P., Baron-Cohen, S.,& Hadwin,J.(1999). Teaching children with autism tomind-read. West Sussex, England: Wiely Press

Lowry,L.(2015).” Tuning in” to others: How young children develop theory of mind. TheHanen Centre.

香港痙攣協會 (2005). 聯情繫意: 發展自閉症幼兒的社交能力. 香港痙攣協會.

To love children, first to love themselves,
3 moves to teach you to maintain the best mental state

system

Written by :Family Dynamics Child Play Therapist
                   Marriage and Family Therapist, Ms. Lee Wai Zi

In today’s society, it is indeed not easy for parents to maintain a good state of mind and body. I have met with many parents and found that the difficulty most parents face is not that they do not understand their children’s feelings and needs, or that they do not know how their behavior affects their children, but that it is difficult to maintain a trusting and optimistic attitude towards their children when they are in a situation. Often, parents become increasingly anxious as they worry that their child’s problems will continue and worsen, and repeat ineffective ways of dealing with their child’s problems.

So, how can parents maintain the best mental state to face the stress and challenges of disciplining their children? Here are some tips for parents to consider:

1. Be more sensitive to your own stress levels
Parents are human beings, so there will be times when they are depressed or physically and emotionally exhausted. The purpose of parents being sensitive to their own mental state is to remind themselves that they need to take care of their own needs first. It is difficult for parents to be sensitive and responsive to the needs of their children when they are in a highly stressed state. Conversely, inappropriate responses may harm the child and damage the parent-child relationship.

2. Use resources effectively to relieve stress
When parents feel stressed, they should try to explore and make good use of their own internal and external resources to regulate their negative emotions. For example, find family members or friends to talk to, do things that can relax you, and find positive thoughts and beliefs to encourage you. The purpose is to give yourself a proper rest and temporary relief from stress.

3. Turn your mind around and reflect
If a parent’s stress continues and increases, professional help is needed. Sometimes, these pressures come from more than just external influences. Parents’ self-worth, worldview, and perceptions of things can affect how we parent. For example, some parents worry that they are not doing enough to fulfill their parental responsibilities and end up pushing their children to study or participate in activities, or even that they are not flexible enough to respond to their children’s needs when they are stressed and negative. If

parents are aware of and take care of their own feelings and needs, they can prevent their negative emotions from affecting the next generation.

Therefore, parents who love their children must first love themselves. Only when parents are healthy and happy can their children grow up healthy and happy.

要愛孩子, 先要愛自己,
3招教你保持最佳心理狀態

system

撰文:家庭動力兒童遊戲治療師
   婚姻及家庭治療師李慧芝

在現今的社會,父母要保持良好的身心狀態,確實不容易。筆者曾經接觸過很多家長,發現大部分父母所面對的困難,並非不了解孩子的感受和需要,也並非不知道自己的行為如何影響孩子,而是難以在孩子出現狀況時,仍能保持對孩子的信任和樂觀的態度。很多時候,父母擔心孩子的問題會持續和惡化,因而變得愈加焦急,並重複以無效的方法處理孩子的問題。

那麼,父母該如何保持最佳的心理狀況,面對管教子女的壓力和挑戰呢?以下幾點可供父母參考:

1. 對自己的壓力指數更敏感
父母也是人,所以都會有情緒低落或身心疲憊的時候。父母對自己精神狀態敏感的目的,在於提醒自己,要先好好照顧自己的需要。因為當父母在高度壓力的狀態下,難以有效地敏感和回應孩子的需要。反之,不適當的回應有可能會傷害孩子及破壞親子關係。

2. 善用資源,紓緩壓力
當父母感到有壓力時,應該盡量發掘和善用自己內在和外在的資源,調節自己的負面情緒。例如找家人或朋友傾訴、做一些能令自己放鬆的事情、找一些正向的思想和信念鼓勵自己等。目的在於令自己得到適當的休息,暫時紓緩壓力。

3. 轉念,反思
假如父母的壓力持續及增加,便需要尋求專業的協助。有時候,這些壓力不止來自外在環境的影響。父母的自我價值、世界觀及對事物的看法,都會影響我們如何做父母。例如有些父母會擔心自己做得不夠好,未有盡到做父母的責任,結果不斷催促子女學習或參加活動,甚至當孩子出現壓力和負面情緒時,這些父母也無法有彈性地回應子女的需要。假如父母能意識及照顧到自己的感受和需要,便能避免自己的負面情緒影響至下一代。

因此,父母愛孩子,也得要先愛自己。只有父母健康快樂,孩子才能健康快樂地成長。

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